# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""

REFUSE
Simple cross-plattform ctypes bindings for libfuse / FUSE for macOS / WinFsp
https://github.com/pleiszenburg/refuse

    src/refuse/high.py: "High level" FUSE API

    Copyright (C) 2008-2020 refuse contributors

<LICENSE_BLOCK>
The contents of this file are subject to the Internet Systems Consortium (ISC)
license ("ISC license" or "License"). You may not use this file except in
compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
https://opensource.org/licenses/ISC
https://github.com/pleiszenburg/refuse/blob/master/LICENSE

Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing rights and limitations under the License.
</LICENSE_BLOCK>

"""


# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# IMPORT
# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

import ctypes
import errno
import logging
import os
import warnings

from platform import machine, system
from signal import signal, SIGINT, SIG_DFL, SIGTERM
from stat import S_IFDIR
from traceback import print_exc

from time import time
try:
	from time import time_ns
except ImportError:
	time_ns = lambda: int(time() * 1e9)

from functools import partial


# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# HEADER: "INIT"
# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

log = logging.getLogger("fuse")

# switch through operating systems and architectures
_system = system()
_machine = machine()

# Simplify CYGWIN check
if _system.startswith('CYGWIN'):
    _system = 'CYGWIN'

# HACK get reference on library
from ._refactor import get_libfuse
_libfuse = get_libfuse(_system)

# Get MacFUSE status by looking at library
if _system == 'Darwin' and hasattr(_libfuse, 'macfuse_version'):
    _system = 'Darwin-MacFuse'


# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# HEADER: TYPES
# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

if _system == 'Windows':
    # NOTE:
    #
    # sizeof(long)==4 on Windows 32-bit and 64-bit
    # sizeof(long)==4 on Cygwin 32-bit and ==8 on Cygwin 64-bit
    #
    # We have to fix up c_long and c_ulong so that it matches the
    # Cygwin (and UNIX) sizes when run on Windows.
    import sys
    if sys.maxsize > 0xffffffff:
        c_win_long = ctypes.c_int64
        c_win_ulong = ctypes.c_uint64
    else:
        c_win_long = ctypes.c_int32
        c_win_ulong = ctypes.c_uint32

if _system == 'Windows' or _system == 'CYGWIN':
    class c_timespec(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [('tv_sec', c_win_long), ('tv_nsec', c_win_long)]
elif _system == 'OpenBSD':
    c_time_t = ctypes.c_int64
    class c_timespec(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [('tv_sec', c_time_t), ('tv_nsec', ctypes.c_long)]
else:
    class c_timespec(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [('tv_sec', ctypes.c_long), ('tv_nsec', ctypes.c_long)]

class c_utimbuf(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = [('actime', c_timespec), ('modtime', c_timespec)]

class c_stat(ctypes.Structure):
    pass    # Platform dependent

if _system in ('Darwin', 'Darwin-MacFuse', 'FreeBSD'):
    ENOTSUP = 45

    c_dev_t = ctypes.c_int32
    c_fsblkcnt_t = ctypes.c_ulong
    c_fsfilcnt_t = ctypes.c_ulong
    c_gid_t = ctypes.c_uint32
    c_mode_t = ctypes.c_uint16
    c_off_t = ctypes.c_int64
    c_pid_t = ctypes.c_int32
    c_uid_t = ctypes.c_uint32
    setxattr_t = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
        ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p,
        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte), ctypes.c_size_t, ctypes.c_int,
        ctypes.c_uint32)
    getxattr_t = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
        ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p,
        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte),
        ctypes.c_size_t, ctypes.c_uint32)
    if _system == 'Darwin':
        c_stat._fields_ = [
            ('st_dev', c_dev_t),
            ('st_mode', c_mode_t),
            ('st_nlink', ctypes.c_uint16),
            ('st_ino', ctypes.c_uint64),
            ('st_uid', c_uid_t),
            ('st_gid', c_gid_t),
            ('st_rdev', c_dev_t),
            ('st_atimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_mtimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_ctimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_birthtimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_size', c_off_t),
            ('st_blocks', ctypes.c_int64),
            ('st_blksize', ctypes.c_int32),
            ('st_flags', ctypes.c_int32),
            ('st_gen', ctypes.c_int32),
            ('st_lspare', ctypes.c_int32),
            ('st_qspare', ctypes.c_int64)]
    else: # MacFuse, FreeBSD
        c_stat._fields_ = [
            ('st_dev', c_dev_t),
            ('st_ino', ctypes.c_uint32),
            ('st_mode', c_mode_t),
            ('st_nlink', ctypes.c_uint16),
            ('st_uid', c_uid_t),
            ('st_gid', c_gid_t),
            ('st_rdev', c_dev_t),
            ('st_atimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_mtimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_ctimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_size', c_off_t),
            ('st_blocks', ctypes.c_int64),
            ('st_blksize', ctypes.c_int32)]
elif _system == 'Linux':
    ENOTSUP = 95

    c_dev_t = ctypes.c_ulonglong
    c_fsblkcnt_t = ctypes.c_ulonglong
    c_fsfilcnt_t = ctypes.c_ulonglong
    c_gid_t = ctypes.c_uint
    c_mode_t = ctypes.c_uint
    c_off_t = ctypes.c_longlong
    c_pid_t = ctypes.c_int
    c_uid_t = ctypes.c_uint
    setxattr_t = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
        ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p,
        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte), ctypes.c_size_t, ctypes.c_int)

    getxattr_t = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
        ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p,
        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte), ctypes.c_size_t)

    if _machine == 'x86_64':
        c_stat._fields_ = [
            ('st_dev', c_dev_t),
            ('st_ino', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_nlink', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_mode', c_mode_t),
            ('st_uid', c_uid_t),
            ('st_gid', c_gid_t),
            ('__pad0', ctypes.c_int),
            ('st_rdev', c_dev_t),
            ('st_size', c_off_t),
            ('st_blksize', ctypes.c_long),
            ('st_blocks', ctypes.c_long),
            ('st_atimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_mtimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_ctimespec', c_timespec)]
    elif _machine == 'mips':
        c_stat._fields_ = [
            ('st_dev', c_dev_t),
            ('__pad1_1', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad1_2', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad1_3', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_ino', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_mode', c_mode_t),
            ('st_nlink', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_uid', c_uid_t),
            ('st_gid', c_gid_t),
            ('st_rdev', c_dev_t),
            ('__pad2_1', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad2_2', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_size', c_off_t),
            ('__pad3', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_atimespec', c_timespec),
            ('__pad4', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_mtimespec', c_timespec),
            ('__pad5', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_ctimespec', c_timespec),
            ('__pad6', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_blksize', ctypes.c_long),
            ('st_blocks', ctypes.c_long),
            ('__pad7_1', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_2', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_3', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_4', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_5', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_6', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_7', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_8', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_9', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_10', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_11', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_12', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_13', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('__pad7_14', ctypes.c_ulong)]
    elif _machine == 'ppc':
        c_stat._fields_ = [
            ('st_dev', c_dev_t),
            ('st_ino', ctypes.c_ulonglong),
            ('st_mode', c_mode_t),
            ('st_nlink', ctypes.c_uint),
            ('st_uid', c_uid_t),
            ('st_gid', c_gid_t),
            ('st_rdev', c_dev_t),
            ('__pad2', ctypes.c_ushort),
            ('st_size', c_off_t),
            ('st_blksize', ctypes.c_long),
            ('st_blocks', ctypes.c_longlong),
            ('st_atimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_mtimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_ctimespec', c_timespec)]
    elif _machine == 'ppc64' or _machine == 'ppc64le':
        c_stat._fields_ = [
            ('st_dev', c_dev_t),
            ('st_ino', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_nlink', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_mode', c_mode_t),
            ('st_uid', c_uid_t),
            ('st_gid', c_gid_t),
            ('__pad', ctypes.c_uint),
            ('st_rdev', c_dev_t),
            ('st_size', c_off_t),
            ('st_blksize', ctypes.c_long),
            ('st_blocks', ctypes.c_long),
            ('st_atimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_mtimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_ctimespec', c_timespec)]
    elif _machine == 'aarch64':
        c_stat._fields_ = [
            ('st_dev', c_dev_t),
            ('st_ino', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_mode', c_mode_t),
            ('st_nlink', ctypes.c_uint),
            ('st_uid', c_uid_t),
            ('st_gid', c_gid_t),
            ('st_rdev', c_dev_t),
            ('__pad1', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_size', c_off_t),
            ('st_blksize', ctypes.c_int),
            ('__pad2', ctypes.c_int),
            ('st_blocks', ctypes.c_long),
            ('st_atimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_mtimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_ctimespec', c_timespec)]
    else:
        # i686, use as fallback for everything else
        c_stat._fields_ = [
            ('st_dev', c_dev_t),
            ('__pad1', ctypes.c_ushort),
            ('__st_ino', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('st_mode', c_mode_t),
            ('st_nlink', ctypes.c_uint),
            ('st_uid', c_uid_t),
            ('st_gid', c_gid_t),
            ('st_rdev', c_dev_t),
            ('__pad2', ctypes.c_ushort),
            ('st_size', c_off_t),
            ('st_blksize', ctypes.c_long),
            ('st_blocks', ctypes.c_longlong),
            ('st_atimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_mtimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_ctimespec', c_timespec),
            ('st_ino', ctypes.c_ulonglong)]
elif _system == 'Windows' or _system == 'CYGWIN':
    ENOTSUP = 129 if _system == 'Windows' else 134
    c_dev_t = ctypes.c_uint
    c_fsblkcnt_t = c_win_ulong
    c_fsfilcnt_t = c_win_ulong
    c_gid_t = ctypes.c_uint
    c_mode_t = ctypes.c_uint
    c_off_t = ctypes.c_longlong
    c_pid_t = ctypes.c_int
    c_uid_t = ctypes.c_uint
    setxattr_t = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p,
        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte), ctypes.c_size_t, ctypes.c_int)
    getxattr_t = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p,
        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte), ctypes.c_size_t)
    c_stat._fields_ = [
        ('st_dev', c_dev_t),
        ('st_ino', ctypes.c_ulonglong),
        ('st_mode', c_mode_t),
        ('st_nlink', ctypes.c_ushort),
        ('st_uid', c_uid_t),
        ('st_gid', c_gid_t),
        ('st_rdev', c_dev_t),
        ('st_size', c_off_t),
        ('st_atimespec', c_timespec),
        ('st_mtimespec', c_timespec),
        ('st_ctimespec', c_timespec),
        ('st_blksize', ctypes.c_int),
        ('st_blocks', ctypes.c_longlong),
        ('st_birthtimespec', c_timespec)]
elif _system == 'OpenBSD':
    ENOTSUP = 91
    c_dev_t = ctypes.c_int32
    c_uid_t = ctypes.c_uint32
    c_gid_t = ctypes.c_uint32
    c_mode_t = ctypes.c_uint32
    c_off_t = ctypes.c_int64
    c_pid_t = ctypes.c_int32
    c_ino_t = ctypes.c_uint64
    c_nlink_t = ctypes.c_uint32
    c_blkcnt_t = ctypes.c_int64
    c_blksize_t = ctypes.c_int32
    setxattr_t = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
        ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p,
        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte), ctypes.c_size_t, ctypes.c_int)
    getxattr_t = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
        ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p,
        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte),
        ctypes.c_size_t)
    c_fsblkcnt_t = ctypes.c_uint64
    c_fsfilcnt_t = ctypes.c_uint64
    c_stat._fields_ = [
        ('st_mode', c_mode_t),
        ('st_dev', c_dev_t),
        ('st_ino', c_ino_t),
        ('st_nlink', c_nlink_t),
        ('st_uid', c_uid_t),
        ('st_gid', c_gid_t),
        ('st_rdev', c_dev_t),
        ('st_atimespec', c_timespec),
        ('st_mtimespec', c_timespec),
        ('st_ctimespec', c_timespec),
        ('st_size', c_off_t),
        ('st_blocks', c_blkcnt_t),
        ('st_blksize', c_blksize_t),
        ('st_flags', ctypes.c_uint32),
        ('st_gen', ctypes.c_uint32),
        ('st_birthtimespec', c_timespec),
    ]
else:
    raise NotImplementedError('%s is not supported.' % _system)


if _system == 'FreeBSD':
    c_fsblkcnt_t = ctypes.c_uint64
    c_fsfilcnt_t = ctypes.c_uint64
    setxattr_t = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
        ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p,
        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte), ctypes.c_size_t, ctypes.c_int)

    getxattr_t = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
        ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p,
        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte), ctypes.c_size_t)

    class c_statvfs(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [
            ('f_bavail', c_fsblkcnt_t),
            ('f_bfree', c_fsblkcnt_t),
            ('f_blocks', c_fsblkcnt_t),
            ('f_favail', c_fsfilcnt_t),
            ('f_ffree', c_fsfilcnt_t),
            ('f_files', c_fsfilcnt_t),
            ('f_bsize', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('f_flag', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('f_frsize', ctypes.c_ulong)]
elif _system == 'Windows' or _system == 'CYGWIN':
    class c_statvfs(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [
            ('f_bsize', c_win_ulong),
            ('f_frsize', c_win_ulong),
            ('f_blocks', c_fsblkcnt_t),
            ('f_bfree', c_fsblkcnt_t),
            ('f_bavail', c_fsblkcnt_t),
            ('f_files', c_fsfilcnt_t),
            ('f_ffree', c_fsfilcnt_t),
            ('f_favail', c_fsfilcnt_t),
            ('f_fsid', c_win_ulong),
            ('f_flag', c_win_ulong),
            ('f_namemax', c_win_ulong)]
else:
    class c_statvfs(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [
            ('f_bsize', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('f_frsize', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('f_blocks', c_fsblkcnt_t),
            ('f_bfree', c_fsblkcnt_t),
            ('f_bavail', c_fsblkcnt_t),
            ('f_files', c_fsfilcnt_t),
            ('f_ffree', c_fsfilcnt_t),
            ('f_favail', c_fsfilcnt_t),
            ('f_fsid', ctypes.c_ulong),
            # ('unused', ctypes.c_int),
            ('f_flag', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('f_namemax', ctypes.c_ulong)]

if _system == 'Windows' or _system == 'CYGWIN':
    class fuse_file_info(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [
            ('flags', ctypes.c_int),
            ('fh_old', ctypes.c_int),
            ('writepage', ctypes.c_int),
            ('direct_io', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
            ('keep_cache', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
            ('flush', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
            ('padding', ctypes.c_uint, 29),
            ('fh', ctypes.c_uint64),
            ('lock_owner', ctypes.c_uint64)]
elif _system == "OpenBSD":
    class fuse_file_info(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [
            ('flags', ctypes.c_int32),
            ('fh_old', ctypes.c_uint32),
            ('writepage', ctypes.c_int32),
            ('direct_io', ctypes.c_uint32, 1),
            ('keep_cache', ctypes.c_uint32, 1),
            ('flush', ctypes.c_uint32, 1),
            ('nonseekable', ctypes.c_uint32, 1),
            ('padding', ctypes.c_uint32, 27),
            ('flock_release', ctypes.c_uint32, 1),
            ('fh', ctypes.c_uint64),
            ('lock_owner', ctypes.c_uint64)]
else:
    class fuse_file_info(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [
            ('flags', ctypes.c_int),
            ('fh_old', ctypes.c_ulong),
            ('writepage', ctypes.c_int),
            ('direct_io', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
            ('keep_cache', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
            ('flush', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
            ('nonseekable', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
            ('flock_release', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
            ('padding', ctypes.c_uint, 27),
            ('fh', ctypes.c_uint64),
            ('lock_owner', ctypes.c_uint64)]

if _system == "OpenBSD":
    class fuse_context(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [
            ('fuse', ctypes.c_voidp),
            ('uid', c_uid_t),
            ('gid', c_gid_t),
            ('pid', c_pid_t),
            ('private_data', ctypes.c_voidp),
            ('umask', c_mode_t),
        ]
else:
    class fuse_context(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [
            ('fuse', ctypes.c_voidp),
            ('uid', c_uid_t),
            ('gid', c_gid_t),
            ('pid', c_pid_t),
            ('private_data', ctypes.c_voidp)]

if _system == "OpenBSD":
    bmap_ret_t = ctypes.c_uint64
    extra_fields = []
else:
    bmap_ret_t = ctypes.c_ulonglong
    extra_fields = [
        ('flag_nullpath_ok', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
        ('flag_nopath', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
        ('flag_utime_omit_ok', ctypes.c_uint, 1),
        ('flag_reserved', ctypes.c_uint, 29),
        ('ioctl', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_uint, ctypes.c_void_p,
            ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info), ctypes.c_uint, ctypes.c_void_p)),
    ]


# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# CLASS: FUSE operations
# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

class fuse_operations(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = [
        ('getattr', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(c_stat))),

        ('readlink', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte),
            ctypes.c_size_t)),

        ('getdir', ctypes.c_voidp),    # Deprecated, use readdir

        ('mknod', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, c_mode_t, c_dev_t)),

        ('mkdir', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, c_mode_t)),
        ('unlink', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p)),
        ('rmdir', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p)),

        ('symlink', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p)),

        ('rename', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p)),

        ('link', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p)),

        ('chmod', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, c_mode_t)),

        ('chown', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, c_uid_t, c_gid_t)),

        ('truncate', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, c_off_t)),

        ('utime', ctypes.c_voidp),     # Deprecated, use utimens
        ('open', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('read', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte),
            ctypes.c_size_t, c_off_t, ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('write', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte),
            ctypes.c_size_t, c_off_t, ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('statfs', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(c_statvfs))),

        ('flush', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('release', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('fsync', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_int,
            ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('setxattr', setxattr_t),
        ('getxattr', getxattr_t),

        ('listxattr', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte),
            ctypes.c_size_t)),

        ('removexattr', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p)),

        ('opendir', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('readdir', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int,
            ctypes.c_char_p,
            ctypes.c_voidp,
            ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
                ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_voidp, ctypes.c_char_p,
                ctypes.POINTER(c_stat), c_off_t),
            c_off_t,
            ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('releasedir', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('fsyncdir', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_int,
            ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('init', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_voidp, ctypes.c_voidp)),
        ('destroy', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_voidp, ctypes.c_voidp)),

        ('access', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_int)),

        ('create', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, c_mode_t,
            ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('ftruncate', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, c_off_t,
            ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('fgetattr', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(c_stat),
            ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info))),

        ('lock', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(fuse_file_info),
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_voidp)),

        ('utimens', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.POINTER(c_utimbuf))),

        ('bmap', ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
            ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_size_t,
            ctypes.POINTER(bmap_ret_t))),
    ] + extra_fields


# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# ROUTINES: bindings
# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

_libfuse.fuse_get_context.restype = ctypes.POINTER(fuse_context)


# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# ROUTINES: refuse
# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

if _system == "OpenBSD":
    def fuse_main_real(argc, argv, fuse_ops_v, sizeof_fuse_ops, ctx_p):
        return _libfuse.fuse_main(argc, argv, fuse_ops_v, ctx_p)
else:
    fuse_main_real =_libfuse.fuse_main_real

UTIME_OMIT = (1 << 30) - 2
UTIME_NOW = (1 << 30) - 1

def is_utime_now(ts):
    return ts.tv_sec == 0 and ts.tv_nsec == UTIME_NOW

def is_utime_omit(ts):
    return ts.tv_sec == 0 and ts.tv_nsec == UTIME_OMIT

def get_now(use_ns=False):
    if use_ns:
        return time_ns()
    else:
        return time()

def time_of_timespec(ts, use_ns=False):
    if use_ns:
        return ts.tv_sec * 10 ** 9 + ts.tv_nsec
    else:
        return ts.tv_sec + ts.tv_nsec * 1E-9

def set_st_attrs(st, attrs, use_ns=False):
    for key, val in attrs.items():
        if key in ('st_atime', 'st_mtime', 'st_ctime', 'st_birthtime'):
            timespec = getattr(st, key + 'spec', None)
            if timespec is None:
                continue

            if use_ns:
                timespec.tv_sec, timespec.tv_nsec = divmod(int(val), 10 ** 9)
            else:
                timespec.tv_sec = int(val)
                timespec.tv_nsec = int((val - timespec.tv_sec) * 1E9)
        elif hasattr(st, key):
            setattr(st, key, val)


def fuse_get_context():
    'Returns a (uid, gid, pid) tuple'

    ctxp = _libfuse.fuse_get_context()
    ctx = ctxp.contents
    return ctx.uid, ctx.gid, ctx.pid


def fuse_exit():
    '''
    This will shutdown the FUSE mount and cause the call to FUSE(...) to
    return, similar to sending SIGINT to the process.

    Flags the native FUSE session as terminated and will cause any running FUSE
    event loops to exit on the next opportunity. (see fuse.c::fuse_exit)
    '''
    # OpenBSD doesn't have fuse_exit
    # instead fuse_loop() gracefully catches SIGTERM
    if _system == "OpenBSD":
        os.kill(os.getpid(), SIGTERM)
        return

    fuse_ptr = ctypes.c_void_p(_libfuse.fuse_get_context().contents.fuse)
    _libfuse.fuse_exit(fuse_ptr)


def get_fuse_version():
    for method in [
        lambda: _libfuse.fuse_pkgversion(),
        lambda: _libfuse.fuse3_pkgversion(),
        lambda: _libfuse.fuse_version(),
        lambda: _libfuse.fuse3_version(),
        lambda: _libfuse.macfuse_version(),
        lambda: _libfuse.osxfuse_version(),
    ]:
        try:
            val = method()
            if isinstance(val, int) and val > 10:
                return str(val / 10)
            else:
                return val
        except AttributeError:
            pass


def get_fuse_libfile():
    return _libfuse._name


# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# CLASS: FuseOSError
# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

class FuseOSError(OSError):
    def __init__(self, errno):
        super(FuseOSError, self).__init__(errno, os.strerror(errno))


# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# CLASS: FUSE
# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

class FUSE:
    '''
    This class is the lower level interface and should not be subclassed under
    normal use. Its methods are called by fuse.

    Assumes API version 2.6 or later.
    '''

    OPTIONS = (
        ('foreground', '-f'),
        ('debug', '-d'),
        ('nothreads', '-s'),
    )

    def __init__(self, operations, mountpoint, raw_fi=False, encoding='utf-8',
                 **kwargs):

        '''
        Setting raw_fi to True will cause FUSE to pass the fuse_file_info
        class as is to Operations, instead of just the fh field.

        This gives you access to direct_io, keep_cache, etc.
        '''

        self.operations = operations
        self.raw_fi = raw_fi
        self.encoding = encoding
        self.__critical_exception = None

        self.use_ns = getattr(operations, 'use_ns', False)
        if not self.use_ns:
            warnings.warn(
                'Time as floating point seconds for utimens is deprecated!\n'
                'To enable time as nanoseconds set the property "use_ns" to '
                'True in your operations class or set your fusepy '
                'requirements to <4.',
                DeprecationWarning)

        args = ['fuse']

        args.extend(flag for arg, flag in self.OPTIONS
                    if kwargs.pop(arg, False))

        kwargs.setdefault('fsname', operations.__class__.__name__)
        args.append('-o')
        args.append(','.join(self._normalize_fuse_options(**kwargs)))
        args.append(mountpoint)

        args = [arg.encode(encoding) for arg in args]
        argv = (ctypes.c_char_p * len(args))(*args)

        fuse_ops = fuse_operations()
        for ent in fuse_operations._fields_:
            name, prototype = ent[:2]

            check_name = name

            # ftruncate()/fgetattr() are implemented in terms of their
            # non-f-prefixed versions in the operations object
            if check_name in ["ftruncate", "fgetattr"]:
                check_name = check_name[1:]

            val = getattr(operations, check_name, None)
            if val is None:
                continue

            # Function pointer members are tested for using the
            # getattr(operations, name) above but are dynamically
            # invoked using self.operations(name)
            if hasattr(prototype, 'argtypes'):
                val = prototype(partial(self._wrapper, getattr(self, name)))

            setattr(fuse_ops, name, val)

        try:
            old_handler = signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL)
        except ValueError:
            old_handler = SIG_DFL

        err = _libfuse.fuse_main_real(
            len(args), argv, ctypes.pointer(fuse_ops),
            ctypes.sizeof(fuse_ops),
            None)

        try:
            signal(SIGINT, old_handler)
        except ValueError:
            pass

        del self.operations     # Invoke the destructor
        if self.__critical_exception:
            raise self.__critical_exception
        if err:
            raise RuntimeError(err)

    @staticmethod
    def _normalize_fuse_options(**kargs):
        for key, value in kargs.items():
            if isinstance(value, bool):
                if value is True:
                    yield key
            else:
                yield '%s=%s' % (key, value)

    def _wrapper(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
        'Decorator for the methods that follow'

        try:
            if func.__name__ == "init":
                # init may not fail, as its return code is just stored as
                # private_data field of struct fuse_context
                return func(*args, **kwargs) or 0

            else:
                try:
                    return func(*args, **kwargs) or 0

                except OSError as e:
                    if e.errno is not None and e.errno > 0:
                        log.debug(
                            "FUSE operation %s raised a %s, returning errno %s.",
                            func.__name__, type(e), e.errno, exc_info=True)
                        return -e.errno
                    else:
                        log.error(
                            "FUSE operation %s raised an OSError with an invalid "
                            "errno %s, returning errno.EINVAL.",
                            func.__name__, e.errno, exc_info=True)
                        return -errno.EINVAL

                except Exception:
                    log.error("Uncaught exception from FUSE operation %s, "
                              "returning errno.EINVAL.",
                              func.__name__, exc_info=True)
                    return -errno.EINVAL

        except BaseException as e:
            self.__critical_exception = e
            log.critical(
                "Uncaught critical exception from FUSE operation %s, aborting.",
                func.__name__, exc_info=True)
            # the raised exception (even SystemExit) will be caught by FUSE
            # potentially causing SIGSEGV, so tell system to stop/interrupt FUSE
            fuse_exit()
            return -errno.EFAULT

    def _decode_optional_path(self, path):
        # NB: this method is intended for fuse operations that
        #     allow the path argument to be NULL,
        #     *not* as a generic path decoding method
        if path is None:
            return None
        return path.decode(self.encoding)

    def getattr(self, path, buf):
        return self.fgetattr(path, buf, None)

    def readlink(self, path, buf, bufsize):
        ret = self.operations('readlink', path.decode(self.encoding)) \
                  .encode(self.encoding)

        # copies a string into the given buffer
        # (null terminated and truncated if necessary)
        data = ctypes.create_string_buffer(ret[:bufsize - 1])
        ctypes.memmove(buf, data, len(data))
        return 0

    def mknod(self, path, mode, dev):
        return self.operations('mknod', path.decode(self.encoding), mode, dev)

    def mkdir(self, path, mode):
        return self.operations('mkdir', path.decode(self.encoding), mode)

    def unlink(self, path):
        return self.operations('unlink', path.decode(self.encoding))

    def rmdir(self, path):
        return self.operations('rmdir', path.decode(self.encoding))

    def symlink(self, source, target):
        'creates a symlink `target -> source` (e.g. ln -s source target)'

        return self.operations('symlink', target.decode(self.encoding),
                                          source.decode(self.encoding))

    def rename(self, old, new):
        return self.operations('rename', old.decode(self.encoding),
                                         new.decode(self.encoding))

    def link(self, source, target):
        'creates a hard link `target -> source` (e.g. ln source target)'

        return self.operations('link', target.decode(self.encoding),
                                       source.decode(self.encoding))

    def chmod(self, path, mode):
        return self.operations('chmod', path.decode(self.encoding), mode)

    def chown(self, path, uid, gid):
        # Check if any of the arguments is a -1 that has overflowed
        if c_uid_t(uid + 1).value == 0:
            uid = -1
        if c_gid_t(gid + 1).value == 0:
            gid = -1

        return self.operations('chown', path.decode(self.encoding), uid, gid)

    def truncate(self, path, length):
        return self.operations('truncate', path.decode(self.encoding), length)

    def open(self, path, fip):
        fi = fip.contents
        if self.raw_fi:
            return self.operations('open', path.decode(self.encoding), fi)
        else:
            fi.fh = self.operations('open', path.decode(self.encoding),
                                            fi.flags)

            return 0

    def read(self, path, buf, size, offset, fip):
        if self.raw_fi:
          fh = fip.contents
        else:
          fh = fip.contents.fh

        ret = self.operations('read', self._decode_optional_path(path), size,
                                      offset, fh)

        if not ret:
            return 0

        retsize = len(ret)
        assert retsize <= size, \
            'actual amount read %d greater than expected %d' % (retsize, size)

        ctypes.memmove(buf, ret, retsize)
        return retsize

    def write(self, path, buf, size, offset, fip):
        data = ctypes.string_at(buf, size)

        if self.raw_fi:
            fh = fip.contents
        else:
            fh = fip.contents.fh

        return self.operations('write', self._decode_optional_path(path), data,
                                        offset, fh)

    def statfs(self, path, buf):
        stv = buf.contents
        attrs = self.operations('statfs', path.decode(self.encoding))
        for key, val in attrs.items():
            if hasattr(stv, key):
                setattr(stv, key, val)

        return 0

    def flush(self, path, fip):
        if self.raw_fi:
            fh = fip.contents
        else:
            fh = fip.contents.fh

        return self.operations('flush', self._decode_optional_path(path), fh)

    def release(self, path, fip):
        if self.raw_fi:
          fh = fip.contents
        else:
          fh = fip.contents.fh

        return self.operations('release', self._decode_optional_path(path), fh)

    def fsync(self, path, datasync, fip):
        if self.raw_fi:
            fh = fip.contents
        else:
            fh = fip.contents.fh

        return self.operations('fsync', self._decode_optional_path(path), datasync,
                                        fh)

    def setxattr(self, path, name, value, size, options, *args):
        return self.operations('setxattr', path.decode(self.encoding),
                               name.decode(self.encoding),
                               ctypes.string_at(value, size), options, *args)

    def getxattr(self, path, name, value, size, *args):
        ret = self.operations('getxattr', path.decode(self.encoding),
                                          name.decode(self.encoding), *args)

        retsize = len(ret)
        # allow size queries
        if not value:
            return retsize

        # do not truncate
        if retsize > size:
            return -errno.ERANGE

        # Does not add trailing 0
        buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(ret, retsize)
        ctypes.memmove(value, buf, retsize)

        return retsize

    def listxattr(self, path, namebuf, size):
        attrs = self.operations('listxattr', path.decode(self.encoding)) or ''
        ret = '\x00'.join(attrs).encode(self.encoding)
        if len(ret) > 0:
            ret += '\x00'.encode(self.encoding)

        retsize = len(ret)
        # allow size queries
        if not namebuf:
            return retsize

        # do not truncate
        if retsize > size:
            return -errno.ERANGE

        buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(ret, retsize)
        ctypes.memmove(namebuf, buf, retsize)

        return retsize

    def removexattr(self, path, name):
        return self.operations('removexattr', path.decode(self.encoding),
                                              name.decode(self.encoding))

    def opendir(self, path, fip):
        # Ignore raw_fi
        fip.contents.fh = self.operations('opendir',
                                          path.decode(self.encoding))

        return 0

    def readdir(self, path, buf, filler, offset, fip):
        # Ignore raw_fi
        for item in self.operations('readdir', self._decode_optional_path(path),
                                               fip.contents.fh):

            if isinstance(item, str):
                name, st, offset = item, None, 0
            else:
                name, attrs, offset = item
                if attrs:
                    st = c_stat()
                    set_st_attrs(st, attrs, use_ns=self.use_ns)
                else:
                    st = None

            if filler(buf, name.encode(self.encoding), st, offset) != 0:
                break

        return 0

    def releasedir(self, path, fip):
        # Ignore raw_fi
        return self.operations('releasedir', self._decode_optional_path(path),
                                             fip.contents.fh)

    def fsyncdir(self, path, datasync, fip):
        # Ignore raw_fi
        return self.operations('fsyncdir', self._decode_optional_path(path),
                                           datasync, fip.contents.fh)

    def init(self, conn):
        return self.operations('init', '/')

    def destroy(self, private_data):
        return self.operations('destroy', '/')

    def access(self, path, amode):
        return self.operations('access', path.decode(self.encoding), amode)

    def create(self, path, mode, fip):
        fi = fip.contents
        path = path.decode(self.encoding)

        if self.raw_fi:
            return self.operations('create', path, mode, fi)
        else:
            fi.fh = self.operations('create', path, mode)
            return 0

    def ftruncate(self, path, length, fip):
        if self.raw_fi:
            fh = fip.contents
        else:
            fh = fip.contents.fh

        return self.operations('truncate', self._decode_optional_path(path),
                                           length, fh)

    def fgetattr(self, path, buf, fip):
        ctypes.memset(buf, 0, ctypes.sizeof(c_stat))

        st = buf.contents
        if not fip:
            fh = fip
        elif self.raw_fi:
            fh = fip.contents
        else:
            fh = fip.contents.fh

        attrs = self.operations('getattr', self._decode_optional_path(path), fh)
        set_st_attrs(st, attrs, use_ns=self.use_ns)
        return 0

    def lock(self, path, fip, cmd, lock):
        if self.raw_fi:
            fh = fip.contents
        else:
            fh = fip.contents.fh

        return self.operations('lock', self._decode_optional_path(path), fh, cmd,
                                       lock)

    def utimens(self, path, buf):
        if buf:
            atime = time_of_timespec(buf.contents.actime, use_ns=self.use_ns)
            mtime = time_of_timespec(buf.contents.modtime, use_ns=self.use_ns)
            if self.use_ns:
                now = get_now(self.use_ns)
                if is_utime_now(buf.contents.actime):
                    atime = now
                elif is_utime_omit(buf.contents.actime):
                    atime = None
                if is_utime_now(buf.contents.modtime):
                    mtime = now
                elif is_utime_omit(buf.contents.modtime):
                    mtime = None
            else:
                pass # TODO ... this is the old, bad behavior
            times = (atime, mtime)
        else:
            times = None

        return self.operations('utimens', path.decode(self.encoding), times)

    def bmap(self, path, blocksize, idx):
        return self.operations('bmap', path.decode(self.encoding), blocksize,
                                       idx)

    def ioctl(self, path, cmd, arg, fip, flags, data):
        if self.raw_fi:
          fh = fip.contents
        else:
          fh = fip.contents.fh

        return self.operations('ioctl', path.decode(self.encoding),
            cmd, arg, fh, flags, data)


# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# CLASS: Operations
# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

class Operations:
    '''
    This class should be subclassed and passed as an argument to FUSE on
    initialization. All operations should raise a FuseOSError exception on
    error.

    When in doubt of what an operation should do, check the FUSE header file
    or the corresponding system call man page.
    '''

    def __call__(self, op, *args):
        if not hasattr(self, op):
            raise FuseOSError(errno.EFAULT)
        return getattr(self, op)(*args)

    def access(self, path, amode):
        return 0

    bmap = None

    def chmod(self, path, mode):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def chown(self, path, uid, gid):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def create(self, path, mode, fi=None):
        '''
        When raw_fi is False (default case), fi is None and create should
        return a numerical file handle.

        When raw_fi is True the file handle should be set directly by create
        and return 0.
        '''

        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def destroy(self, path):
        'Called on filesystem destruction. Path is always /'

        pass

    def flush(self, path, fh):
        return 0

    def fsync(self, path, datasync, fh):
        return 0

    def fsyncdir(self, path, datasync, fh):
        return 0

    def getattr(self, path, fh=None):
        '''
        Returns a dictionary with keys identical to the stat C structure of
        stat(2).

        st_atime, st_mtime and st_ctime should be floats.

        NOTE: There is an incompatibility between Linux and Mac OS X
        concerning st_nlink of directories. Mac OS X counts all files inside
        the directory, while Linux counts only the subdirectories.
        '''

        if path != '/':
            raise FuseOSError(errno.ENOENT)
        return dict(st_mode=(S_IFDIR | 0o755), st_nlink=2)

    def getxattr(self, path, name, position=0):
        raise FuseOSError(ENOTSUP)

    def init(self, path):
        '''
        Called on filesystem initialization. (Path is always /)

        Use it instead of __init__ if you start threads on initialization.
        '''

        pass

    def ioctl(self, path, cmd, arg, fip, flags, data):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.ENOTTY)

    def link(self, target, source):
        'creates a hard link `target -> source` (e.g. ln source target)'

        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def listxattr(self, path):
        return []

    lock = None

    def mkdir(self, path, mode):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def mknod(self, path, mode, dev):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def open(self, path, flags):
        '''
        When raw_fi is False (default case), open should return a numerical
        file handle.

        When raw_fi is True the signature of open becomes:
            open(self, path, fi)

        and the file handle should be set directly.
        '''

        return 0

    def opendir(self, path):
        'Returns a numerical file handle.'

        return 0

    def read(self, path, size, offset, fh):
        'Returns a string containing the data requested.'

        raise FuseOSError(errno.EIO)

    def readdir(self, path, fh):
        '''
        Can return either a list of names, or a list of (name, attrs, offset)
        tuples. attrs is a dict as in getattr.
        '''

        return ['.', '..']

    def readlink(self, path):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.ENOENT)

    def release(self, path, fh):
        return 0

    def releasedir(self, path, fh):
        return 0

    def removexattr(self, path, name):
        raise FuseOSError(ENOTSUP)

    def rename(self, old, new):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def rmdir(self, path):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def setxattr(self, path, name, value, options, position=0):
        raise FuseOSError(ENOTSUP)

    def statfs(self, path):
        '''
        Returns a dictionary with keys identical to the statvfs C structure of
        statvfs(3).

        On Mac OS X f_bsize and f_frsize must be a power of 2
        (minimum 512).
        '''

        return {}

    def symlink(self, target, source):
        'creates a symlink `target -> source` (e.g. ln -s source target)'

        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def truncate(self, path, length, fh=None):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def unlink(self, path):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)

    def utimens(self, path, times=None):
        'Times is a (atime, mtime) tuple. If None use current time.'

        return 0

    def write(self, path, data, offset, fh):
        raise FuseOSError(errno.EROFS)


# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# CLASS: LoggingMixIn
# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

class LoggingMixIn:
    log = logging.getLogger('fuse.log-mixin')

    def __call__(self, op, path, *args):
        self.log.debug('-> %s %s %s', op, path, repr(args))
        ret = '[Unhandled Exception]'
        try:
            ret = getattr(self, op)(path, *args)
            return ret
        except OSError as e:
            ret = str(e)
            raise
        finally:
            self.log.debug('<- %s %s', op, repr(ret))
